Traditional allies of the French who called them Huron, this confederation of nations living east of Lake Huron and collectively calling themselves the Wendat, was dispersed by the Iroquois in the mid-1600s. In 1701, three groups were to be found : the Huron of Lorette, near Québec City (who did not sign the treaty); the Huron of Lake Saint Joseph - Quarante Sols was their spokesperson; and the Wyandot, a group born of the merger between Huron and Tionontati survivors. The Wyandot's political base was Michillimakinac and they were represented at the Montréal conference by their chief, Kondiaronk, one of the most important allies of the French at that time and the main craftsman of the Great Peace. Having signed the September 1700 peace treaty, his mark was also affixed to the August 4, 1701 treaty, even though he had passed away two days before the treaty's ratification.

A Great Lakes nation, the Sable Ottawa were represented at the 1701 conference by the orator Outoutagan, alias Jean Le Blanc, and by Kinonge, meaning The Pike, who affixed the nation's mark to the treaty. Kinonge had also been the one to sign the September 1700 treaty. Also known as the "People with raised hair", the Sable Ottawa lived at the time north of Lake Huron.

An Ottawa Great Lakes nation, the Kiskakon were represented by Hassaki, a chief and orator, and by Kileouiskingie, signatory of the 1700 and 1701 treaties, whose mark was a fish. The Kiskakon's symbol was a bear and their homeland in 1701 was the Makinac region.

A Great Lakes nation, they were represented by Chingouessi, chief and orator, and by Outaoulibris, who affixed the nation's mark to the September 1700 and August 1701 treaties. The Sinago Ottawa, whose symbol was a black squirrel, lived near the present-day city of Detroit in the State of Michigan.

Also called the "Fork People", the Nassawaketon, another Ottawa nation, were represented by Elaouesse, an orator and signatory of both the 1700 and 1701 treaties.

Also called Saulteaux, Bungee or "People of the rapids", the Ojibwe were represented in 1701 by chief Ouabangue. Their homeland at that time was located near the detroit joining lakes Huron and Superior. Over the course of the 18th and 19th centuries, the name Ojibwe (or Chippewa as they are known in the United States) has come to designate the most populous Amerindian nation, which includes the Mississauga and the Amikwa.

The Potawatomi were represented at the conference of 1701 by Ouenemek, but mainly by chief Onanguice. Even though the name of the signatory does not appear on the treaty, the nation's mark is clearly identifiable and is described as being "a stump with three roots". In 1701, their homeland bordered the western banks of Lake Michigan.

The Sauk or Saki, "People of the outlet", were represented during the 1701 conference by Coluby and sometimes by Onanguice, chief of the Potawatomi. Their territory, at the time, was located in the region bordered by lakes Superior and Michigan.

The Hochungra, the only Siouan-speaking nation having participated in the conference of 1701, were represented by their chief Ouabanih, who affixed their village mark, the "Bird of thunder", to the treaty. Initially called the Puants by the French, the Hochungra are known today as the Winnebago, meaning "People of the stinking water" or "People of the murky water". Their homeland bordered on the western banks of Lake Michigan.

The Menominee or the "Wild rice people" were represented at the conference of 1701 by their chief Paintage. They affixed their mark to the treaty, but the signatory's identification, "chef pait chico dessant", has yet to be explained. Neighbors of the Sauk and the Fox, the Menominee's homeland was located in the region bordered by lakes Superior and Michigan.

The Fox, whose real name is Mesquakie or "Red earth people", were represented at the Montréal conference of 1701 by chiefs Noro and Miskouensa. Neighbors of the Sauk and the Menominee, their homeland was located at the time in the region bordered by lakes Superior and Michigan.

The Mascouten were represented in Montréal by chief Kiskatapi. Though their mark remains to be identified, we know that they were participants in the conference of the summer of 1701, since they were greeted by de Callière in his opening speech of the ceremonies of August 4 and since their own words are quoted within the text of the treaty. Their homeland was bordered to the west by the Sioux homeland and to the east by Lake Michigan.

The St. Joseph River Miami were represented by their chief Chichicatalo who affixed their mark to the treaty. The mark of the village itself was also affixed to the treaty and identified separately, thus further baffling historians. In 1701, the Miamis' homeland was located just south of Lake Michigan.

The Ouiatenon, now called the Wea, are another Miami nation. Though their signatory has not been identified, their village mark is clearly identified on the treaty.

The Amikwa of the northern bank of Lake Huron inhabited the island of Manitoulin in Ontario. Also called the "Beaver Nation", they are an Ojibwe nation which was represented in 1701 by Mahingan, though the Ottawa spoke on their behalf during the negotiations per se.

The Mississauga were an Ojibwe nation that inhabited the region neighboring present-day Toronto.On August 4, 1701, they were represented by Onanguice, chief of the Potawatomi.

Though their mark has yet to be identified, the Timiskaming, natives of Lake Timiskaming, participated in the conference and ratified the treaty. An Algonkin nation, their name means "People whose main residence is located at the head of the lake".

The Nipissing or "Little Water People", whose homeland bordered the lake which bears their name, just east of the Georgian Bay, were represented by Onaganiouitak during the conference of 1701. They participated in the conference and ratified the treaty, but their mark has yet to be identified.

The Cree, who were greeted by de Callière in his August 4, 1701 opening speech, inhabited a territory located northwest of Lake Superior. Did their ratification of the treaty, through a mark that has yet to be identified, bind a single tribe or the whole nation? No one knows for sure.

The "Inland People", possibly Algonkin or Cree, inhabited a territory north of Lake Superior. De Callière greeted them in his opening speech of August 4, 1701. Even though they ratified the treaty, their mark has yet to be identified.

The Kaskakia, members of the Illini confederacy, were represented by a third party at the conference of 1701, their chief having passed away en route to Montréal. Onanguice, chief of the Potawatomi, spoke on their behalf. Their village mark appears on the treaty. Their homeland, the southernest of all Amerindian nations having participated in the conference, was located at the confluence of the rivers Illinois, Mississippi and Missouri. Having merged with the Peoria during the 19th century, the Kaskakia no longer exist as a distinct nation today.

The Peoria, members of the Illini confederacy, ratified and affixed their village mark to the treaty of 1701. However, the identity of the person who ratified the treaty is unknown, no Illini representative having apparently attended the peace conference. Though many other Illini nations no longer exist today, the Peoria have survived and inhabit the State of Oklahoma.

The Tapouaro, members of the Illini confederacy who inhabited a territory located southwest of the Illinois River, ratified and affixed their village mark to the treaty of 1701. However, the identity of the person who ratified the treaty is unknown, no Illini representative having apparently attended the peace conference. Having merged with the Kaskakia at the time of the Great Peace, the Tapouaro no longer exist as a distinct nation.

The Tamaroa, members of the Illini confederacy, inhabited a territory bordering the Illinois and Mississippi rivers. They ratified and affixed their village mark to the treaty of 1701. However, the identity of the person who ratified the treaty is unknown, no Illini representative having apparently attended the peace conference. Having merged with the Kaskakia in 1802, the Tamaroa no longer exist as a distinct nation.

The Coiracoentanon, members of the Illini confederacy, inhabited a territory bordering the Illinois River. They ratified and affixed their village mark to the treaty of 1701. However, the identity of the person who ratified the treaty is unknown, no Illini representative having apparently attended the peace conference. Having merged with the Kaskakia at the time of the Great Peace, the Coiracoentanon no longer exist as a distinct nation.

The Moingwena, members of the Illini confederacy, inhabited a territory bordering the Des Moines River. They ratified and affixed their village mark to the treaty of 1701. However, the identity of the person who ratified the treaty is unknown, no Illini representative having apparently attended the peace conference. Having merged with the Peoria at the time of the Great Peace, the Moingwena no longer exist as a distinct nation.

The Kickapoo's homeland in 1701 was located southwest of Lake Michigan. Even though it seems they were not represented at the conference, they undoubtedly ratified the peace treaty as they are identified in the treaty itself. Their mark has yet to be identified.

The Piankashaw, a Miami nation whose homeland neighbored Lake Michigan, though unmentioned in the text of the treaty, affixed their village mark to the treaty. The French identified them as the Pangicheas.

The Acadia Abenaki were represented in 1701 by their chief Meskouadoue who spoke possibly on behalf of the Abenaki Confederacy, which included the Penobscot, the Passamaquoddy, the Maliseet and the Micmac. The previous year, he had been one of the thirteen signatories of the treaty ratified in September 1700.

The Algonkin are but one of the many Algonquian-speaking people that inhabited northeastern North America at the time of the Great Peace agreement. In fact, they were the largest native language group in the region, easily exceeding in number Iroquoian speakers. Other Algonquian-speaking nations who signed the treaty included the Abenaki, the Nipissing, the Timiskaming, the Ottawa, the Illini, the Miami, the Ojibwe, the Sauk, the Fox and the Cree, to name but a few. Although we are dealing here with a common family of related languages, it must be said that there existed many dialects, not all of which were mutually intelligible. In 1701, the Algonkin were mainly found to the north of the St. Lawrence River, between the Lac Saint-Jean and the Ottawa River. The mark of the Algonkin is clearly identified on the Great Peace treaty, but the signatory is not identified.

According to official period documents, it seems that the Lorette Huron, traditional allies of the French, did not participate in the conference of 1701, even though they apparently had taken part in negotiations held in previous years. In the summer of 1701, was Kondiaronk speaking on their behalf? No one knows for sure.

According to official period documents, it seems that the Montagnais, long-time allies of the French, were absent from the Great Peace negotiations. Was this due to the fact that many years had passed since they had last been involved in warfare with the Iroquois or was it because they were represented by other Amerindian allies ? No one knows for sure.

Although the Maliseet nation did not participate in the Montréal conference of the summer of 1701, they were a traditional ally of the French and a member of the Wabanaki Confederacy. Perhaps they were represented by Meskouadoue, who signed the treaty on behalf of the Acadia Abenaki.

Although the Micmac nation did not participate in the Montréal conference of the summer of 1701, they were a traditional ally of the French and a member of the Wabanaki Confederacy. Perhaps they were represented by Meskouadoue, who signed the treaty on behalf of the Acadia Abenaki.

Although the Passamaquoddy nation did not participate in the Montréal conference of the summer of 1701, they were a traditional ally of the French and a member of the Wabanaki Confederacy. Perhaps they were represented by Meskouadoue, who signed the treaty on behalf of the Acadia Abenaki.

Like the Montagnais, with whom they are often associated, the Attikamek are long-time allies of the French who were apparently absent from the Great Peace negotiations. Was this due to the fact that they were already at peace with the Iroquois or was it because they were represented by other Amerindian allies ? No one knows for sure.

Nomads of northern Quebec and Labrador, the Naskapi lived during the 17th century as far north as the modern day Inuit community of Kuujjuak. As they were in contact with the Montagnais, they may have been indirect allies of the French, but it is doubtful that they would have had much direct contact with them at the time of the Great Peace.

In 1722, the Tuscarora joined the Iroquois League as a non-voting member, creating the Six Nations we know today. However, in 1701, the Tuscarora lived in North Carolina and had no links whatsoever with Iroquois diplomacy or the Great Peace of Montréal proceedings.